Paleolithic period Essay Example for Free

Paleolithic period EssayIn the Paleolithic period, all the tools employ by clement beings were made of stone. The tools were exerciseful to their hunting and gathering lifestyle as agriculture was yet to develop. Paleolithic art was hence characterized by unjustified animal drawings and paintings that was mostly done in caves. The animals depicted in the cave art might have been a source of food, sacred or use for pre-hunting rituals since most of those caves were located in uninhabited areas.Sculptures of the animals that existed in that era were also carved. The Neolithic period saw the introduction of metal tools to complement stone tools, human settlement into communities, agriculture development and internalation of animals. As a result, several drawings have been discovered depicting the Neolithic way of life mostly domestic animals like herds of cattle and horses. There were also increased images and sculptures of piece (mostly females).The animal incisions on rocks and sculptures in this period were sharper and had finer finishing thanks to the use of more advanced metal tools compared to the all stone tools of the Paleolithic period. Sociology was a major factor in the differences in animal depictions between these two periods. For instance, humans in the Paleolithic period did not live in communities as a result of their hunting and gathering lifestyles which were characterized by constant movement and the lesser the number of humans in a group, the minimal the competition for food acquired.This explains the images of hunting scenes and wild animals in widely scattered and concealed caves. The social social structure in the Neolithic period changed to formation of communities that inhabited villages which explains the paintings of domestic animals adjacent to human dwellings.REFERENCES M. Hoover, Art of the Paleolithic and Neolithic Eras. July 2001. Art History Survey 1, San Antonio College. whitethorn 22, 2010 http//www. alamo. edu/sac/ vat/arthistory/arts1303/palneo. htm

The Use Of Union Dues For Political Activities Essay Example for Free

The Use Of Union Dues For Political deportivities EssayA union is an association that represents workers well creation to speed their salaries, work hours and working check offs. The workers ar involved in ensuring the unions sustain their activities with its due fees to pay for their services. Workers are mandated to pay union an fall outstanding amount are required to know the how their money is being utilized. The cheek controlling the unions must give the employees with enough data on how their money is being utilized. The work of these unions levy for opinionated goings on continues to be a contentious study for both community and closed-door sector unions. This thesis will give an impression of the lawful issues of the use of unions dues in America for both community and common soldier sectors. Law protects all workers a right to join and get involved in union actions. Workers can negotiate and discuss with unions over service issues that affect the join work ers about their operational boundarys. The bargaining items include issues corresponding salaries, supremacy and penalizing procedures are some examples. The workers join the unions for various reasons including, when they feel-o Are unhappy about some aspects of their occupation.o Sense that they are not involved concussion the required miscellanys.o See the joining together as an answer to their troubles.The union best friend is bad operational system. If the managers listen to workers and let them govern in policies that influence their jobs and treat them literally, then the workers wont need to join the union. The manager who pay no attention to their employees well being and are dictatorial in their operational style often abide their companies organized. just about job proposers prefer to hire workers who have not joined unions, as the unions may limit the potentiality of the managers.This relates to decisions that openly affect joint workers working conditions. In t he private sector for example a company may repress out part of its operations, and this may be legal but the effect of that pronouncement has to be discussed with the union. And if the senior workers are do redundant because of the decision to contract out, the contract terms must be evaluated to see the level of harm caused to the involved workers.HISTORICAL OVERVIEWIn the beginning of the 20th century, as the American scrimping was building up most employers created bad working conditions for workers. Most workers were from opposite nations to the US and they were not trained, could not communicate properly in English and had no money to pillow their jobs. Some were from the rural areas of America and were most occupants of the towns. They were misused because people looking for jobs were many. Due to economical growth, it resulted to understanding between the employers and employees. This understanding made people to loose their jobs, thus created poverty. During this period a private sector union was allowed to operate called the Wagner act of 1935 likewise called (National Labor Relations dally).The Wagner strike was enacted to sentry go employees rights and enable them to form join unions. This allowed them to have a right to be involved in such activities as strikes, picketing and collective bargaining. The Act also enhanced multiple employments as ill-gotten, as the workers can not be interfered with or persuaded in practicing their rights to engage or not to engage in have activities, dictate or interrupt the union activities, categorize workers to prevent them joining together forming an association, expulsion or placing charges against workers who file charges against their employers and or testify against their employees according to the Acts provision, decline to negotiate with the union .The NLRB also formed a self governing organization to enforce American dig up law and its primary election actions were as follows-o To identify the actual unit for cooperative bargaining in a company.o To manage documentation elections secret ballot that decided whether the workers were to be represented by a joint group.o To avoid and deal with illegal labor Acts.The Taft Hartley Act was enacted and represented a delicate change in connection between the unions and employers. The legislation was formed to bind some of the authority that the unions had secured under the Wagners Act also it was made to defend the rights of organization and the workers too. The Taft Hartley Act is positive towards the employees concerns against unjust labor practices. Joint organizations cannot or persuade workers in the duty of their rights as provided under the Act, insight employees to discriminate each other especially those are not shares of labor union for whatever the reason.Including- failing to pay the union levy and joining fees as required to attain membership in the union, decline to negotiate with the management after a good nu mber of employees have decided to be represented by a plastered union group, persuade the associates and members to refuse to use products by companies involved in a labor dispute, and charge workers for extreme levy as a condition of relationship in a joint group.The Landrum Griffin Act has sustained this change in lawful surroundings and creatingMore limits in joint groups activities. The Act was enacted to protect joint members and their involvement in the activities and presentation of their joint groups. The Act controls how unions are managed. The Act has three sections includingo Bill of rights for union members, it assures clandestine and seasonal elections to choose their joint group representatives. It also gives the group members the right to take legal action against the union if it abuses their lawful rights.o Requires complete reports to the secretary of labor concerning all economical issues of the joint group.o Controls the persons who may be used or employed as un ion officers.Persons who are found guilty of illegal activities or may have investment interests that may not agree with interests of the joint groups are stopped from holding office. Most of the factors affecting the employees in the private sector are same as those affecting the public sector. The legal association between public sector and private sector employees and their bosses are lawfully not the same at federal and state level. The government is the supreme ruler and may be compelled by law to perform certain actions and provide some services.The politics officials have the permission to take legal action and make supposed decisions to ensure performance of those activities. Negotiation involves the sharing of decision reservation power between the regime and the joint groups. For instance communal workers at a case level in the most states are forbidden to strike. In America the lawful history of the communal sector organizations has gone through major reforms.The com munal joint groups can be categorized as being at the national level, state employee level and local county and municipal level. The community workers have no rights under the Wagner Act, with the exception of workers of the American Postal Service. The Postal Reforms Act in America has a private agency and legalized National Labor Relations Board to decide appropriate negotiating units, oversee version elections, and put in force the unjust labor practice of the Wagner Act.THE USE OF UNION DUES FOR POLITICAL ACTIVITYFederal employees have started negotiating over the terms of their employment. This is due to Lloyd La Follette Act. The courtly Service Act and it gives power to set wages, hours and other terms and conditions of employment. It is prohibited that national workers or their joint groups from dictating in salaries, either before congress, its committee or before heads of executive agencies. It appears that on the collective negotiating events of the community unions at b oth the national and state levels have much officially authorized than their private partners. The national workers have a right to organize and form unions. National workers also have a right to present their views on salaries and terms of employment to companies which h they worked for.It is an illegal practice to discriminate an employee on basis of color, race, nationality, sex, age, policy-making status and marital status. It is also an offence to interfere with exercise of employee rights or to take disciplinary actions against a worker or categorize an employee because of union activity, or to persuade a regulation that discords with a collective negotiating agreement. An important variation in the legislation is the absence of the right to strike among the federal level employees. While the use of the unions levy for the political activity has always been frowned upon in both the community and private sectors, thus the issue of has remained a major topic of the debate.Th us, many people argue that unless closely monitored, the joint groups will continue to utilize their members levy for political activity in regardless of the lawful constraints for example the American Supreme Court has illegalized the use of union for political activity. The Supreme Court defined the term agency fee and this ruling applies to both communal and private sector workers. The joint group may require all the workers covered by a union security agreement t pay an agency fee which is designed to cover the cost associated with collective bargaining, contract administration and grievance administration procedures.The recent presidential promotion has once again highlighted the issue of the union dues being utilized for supporting purposes. Congress and many states have enacted or move to enhance new laws to more lawful constraints in this area. On the one hand, many argue that all that all that is needed is for the current laws as interpret by the courts are implemented an d imposed and no extra legislation is needed. If an employee does not want his or her money used for political purposes, then they have the authority to block this from occurring. Another survey focuses on the pubic sector.The results show that much has been done to make services accessible, but how typical they are across the other sectors. Websites in the US commercial sectors including airlines, newspaper, banks, supermarkets, sport, retail and telecommunications have at some percentage achieved their goals. This ending therefore suggests that the private sector not premium than the communal unit when it comes to web accessibility.ESTMATED VERSUS ACTUAL CONFORMANCEThe strategy study requested the respondents to estimate the proportions of sites in each member state that already set at various levels. Only a few people said that they had data, about the public sector versus community. The most parallel information returned related showed a conformance with the public sector, wh ere there were six clear estimates. The most states cannot know the actual conformance of their member states and those can offers low estimates, which makes it clear that they are not coming up with good standards. If we estimate the site studies are representing the administration websites in the states, they shows that there is a recognizable gap in data and gossipmonger in between the strategy planning and actual results.Changing this data difference should improve effectiveness of all related strategy interventions. This could be recognise more independently by the member states but there may be positive outcomes through union efforts. The internet accessibility observatory cast off may provide a weapon for such collaboration and its main objective is to contribute to better accessibility for all citizens and to improve the standards for online services and resources. passport for public policy makers is to develop response mechanisms for closing the data gap between the st rategy planning and actual results may provide a mechanism for such collaboration. To produce a strategy for improving awareness throughout the nation by reviewing all the examples of engagement, shows that this study is for improving awareness of web accessibility.Most of the sites studies are those put in place to provide the administration services. They are basically the government sites which offer some degree of interaction or exercise rather than purely informational sites. Provided this situation and the general move towards greater degree of transaction in the government services and web accessibility are more complicated sites might be not easy to make and keep them accessible or create awareness. In the event there is no statistical association between the accessibility and either of the key measures used in that report for online complexity or the availability of the government data online.It is urged that the underlying administration system is in that respect for more significant number of checkpoints and help in meeting a range of others. Position of salary protection laws differ from state to state. Washington is the first state to pass the salary protection law which was supported by a majority of supporters. In other states like California and Oregon took a different position took a different position. The plan allows and requires joint groups to seek annual written permission from each member before utilizing their dues to support a political activity.ConclusionThe discussion over the use of union levy for the supporting activity will continue. Even if the laws are clear that the employees can avoid their money from being used for political purposes, this issue remains contentious. It is wise to say this remains a major issue with closeness of the recent presidential election as an example we see the republicans are always in the favor of salary protection legislation enchantment the democrats opposed.Experts suggested that the power of th e joint unions as a political voice had gone down. The recent figures on the campaign contributions suggest this conclusion may not be true. Therefore it is safe to assume that this issue will continue to be debated in congress and in state legislatures to every corner of the country.ReferencesOfficial entitle and Summary retrieved on 2nd April 2008 visible(prenominal) at www.sos.ca.gov/elections/bp_nov05/voter_info_pdf/entire75.pdf Should we restrict political use of union dues? / Political choice retrieved on 2nd April 2008 available at www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/05/06/EDGKDCKGA01.DTL 55k Cached Similar pages Note thisThe Worker Paycheck Fairness Act Ending the Involuntary Use of retrieved on 2nd April 2008 available at www.heritage.org/Research/Labor/BG1156.cfm 58k Labor Relations Education Glossary retrieved on 2nd April 2008 available at www.massnurses.org/labor/education/resources/glossary3.htm 72k

Factors Affecting Blood Glucose Levels

Factors Affecting melodic line Glucose LevelsThis essay discusses the factors affecting the relationship glucose levels to fluctuate, the natural mechanism of the clay to control it, the inability of the body to control it and the disease it causes.The Human body is perfection in its own way. The controlled balance of factors keeping the internal environment of the body constant is a critical process that keeps one healthy. Any slight changes in these factors disrupt the internal environment causing disequilibrium. This maintenance of internal environment of the body between limits is called homeostasis and the parameters cosmos controlled include body temperature, kind pH, carbon dioxide constriction, blood glucose concentration and water balance.When the control of the blood glucose level does not work effectively the concentration digest fall or rise beyond normal limits. This condition is called diabetes mellitus or simply diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabol ic diseases characterized by high blood lettuce (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabetes mellitus was first identified as a disease associated with sweet urine, and excessive muscle loss in the quaint world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition, meaning that although it can be controlled, it lasts a lifetime.Blood glucose level is controlled by a hormone (insulin) produced by the of import cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the endocrine gland pancreas. After a heavy carbohydrate enriched meal the blood rise exponentially and thus have to be brought down within the normal limits. The high concentration is detected by receptors which then activate the beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin which converts glucose into a polysaccharide form glucagon and store it in the liver thus removing glucose from the blood.The history of diabetes indicates that it was present as early as the head start Century B.C. when it received its name from a Greek physician, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, afterward the word dia-bainein which means to siphon. This was related to the patients passing excessive amounts of urine. Several centuries after that in 1921 Frederick banting and Charles Best discovered insulin as a diabetes medication and won a Nobel Prize for their discovery. Insulin is the hormone that controls that lowers the blood glucose concentration and its deficiency or insensitivity by stone pit cells causes diabetes. Later after a hardly a(prenominal) long time of discovering insulin in 1936 Sir Harold Percival Himsworth distinguished diabetes type 1 and 2.There are three main types of diabetes typewrite 1 Diabetes also known as new-fashioned diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is caused by the destruction of insulin beta cells. The onset of this type is usually during childh ood (hence the name juvenile diabetes) and as the beta cells produce insufficient insulin, insulin injections are used to control the glucose levels (hence the name insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Diet cannot control this type of diabetes as it does not increase or decrease the amount of insulin produced by the beta cells. The classical symptoms of type 1 diabetics are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue and weight loss in spite of increased appetence. These symptoms may be explained by the fact that due to the uncontrolled high levels of glucose the osmotic pressure of the blood changes owing to the increased solute concentration (glucose) in the blood and the body gets rid of all the extra glucose from the body through the urine as it cannot store it efficiently.Eventually this leads to the other symptoms. High amounts of glucose in the urine can cause increased urine output and lead to dehydration. Dehydration thus causes i ncreased thirst and water consumption. Apart from these acute effects of high blood glucose level other chronic effects of diabetes include eye complications, kidney damage and nerve damage. Moreover Diabetes accelerates hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) of the larger blood vessels, stellar(a) to coronary heart disease (angina or heart attack), strokes, and pain in the lower extremities because of lack of blood supply (claudication).So far the researchers have reason out that a combination of genetic susceptibility, diabetogenic trigger and exposure to a driving antigen are the leading causes of inducing the Type 1 diabetes however other chance factors have also been identified. These include environmental factors, triggering beta cells damage due to a virus, diet and other chemicals and drugs.Type 2 Diabetes also known as adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is far more common than type 1 as it is the most common and frequent type of dia betes. It usually occurs in late stages of life, and younger youth are being diagnosed with this disease more frequently. The pancreas organ produces less insulin to keep blood sugar levels in the normal range, often because the target cells are no more sensitive to the insulin. Similar to the symptoms of type 1 diabetes, type 2 symptoms are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, fatigue, increased appetite and in some cases, blurred vision.Insulin injections are not usually needed to control this type of diabetes (hence the name non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and more stress is laid on lordly the patients diet by limiting it to low carbohydrate foods, exercising and if the condition worsens medication is often prescribed.Similar to type 1, genetics (family history) is thought to be a leading cause in inducing Type 2 diabetes in combination with a few other risk factors such as lifestyle, feeding habits, age over 45 years, gestational diabetes giving bi rth to a baby who weighs more than 9 pounds, heart disease, high blood cholesterol level, obesity, not getting enough exercise, polycystic ovary disease (in women), previous impaired glucose tolerance and some ethnic groups (particularly African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic Americans).Gestational diabetes is when high blood sugar levels develop at any time during pregnancy in a woman who does not have any form of diabetes. Women who have gestational diabetes are at a much higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the future. The risk factors of this kind of diabetes are corresponding to the risk factors of type 2 diabetes as gestational diabetes lead to type 2 diabetes.In general, no cure has been found for diabetes. Treatment for diabetes can have-to doe with various medicines, a balanced diet, and frequent exercise to control blood glucose levels and minimize symptoms with a long term aim to prevent the chronic complicat ions of diabetes and to pass patients life and reduce symptoms. Apart from achieving this through the use of insulin injections, diet control and exercise, blood pressure and cholesterol levels control, careful control of blood glucose levels and an educational minimise and sensation about diabetes play a vital role in treating and diagnosing diabetes.Testing for diabetes is easy and very handy nowadays. Testing of the urine may be used to look for glucose and ketones from the breakdown of fat. However, a urine test alone does not diagnose one with diabetes. This is because the presence of glucose in not of necessity due to the patient being a diabetic and could have been caused by the damage of the basement membrane in the kidney or the malfunction of the kidney.For diabetes diagnosis the adjacent blood tests may beFasting blood glucose level diabetes is diagnosed if higher than 126 mg/dL on two occasionsHemoglobin A1c test usual Less than 5.7%Pre-diabetes Between 5.7% 6.4%D iabetes 6.5% or higherOral sugar tolerance test diabetes is diagnosed if sugar level is higher than 200 mg/dL after 2 hours. This test is also used more for type 2 diabetes.Random (non-fasting) blood glucose level diabetes is suspected if higher than 200 mg/dLDiabetes is a leading disease in many parts of the world causing innumerable deaths each year. Statistics show that diabetes affects 25.8 million people of all ages 8.3 pct of the U.S. population out of which only 18.8 million people are diagnosed while the rest remain oblivious to their medical condition. The severity of this disease goes unnoticed or unacknowledged by several people who label this disease as sugar and confine it to being related and associated with the intake of sweet things only.Very few know that diabetes is a major cause of heart disease and stroke and the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. However, over the years diabetes has emerged as one the leading health threats in third world cou ntries and so a lot of research is being concentrated on curing, managing and preventing this disease. band the diseases has positively motivated several scientists to further their stem cell research and using the stem cells of the diabetic patient create a healthy full developed and functioning pancreas or even healthy Islets of Langerhans that produce insulin. This will not only cure type I diabetes but also turn away post operation complications like tissue rejection and immune suppressant drug dependence etc. Similarly, gene therapy is also being used to switch on certain genes on the chromosomes that would trigger insulin production.Medicines have been introduced and drugs to increase target cell sensitivity are continuously being invented but they mainly revolve near monitoring the disease not curing it. Portable blood glucose meter, insulin pumps etc are all new inventions aimed at helping diabetics control and follow their blood glucose level thus making their life a lot easier. Lastly as mentioned before, as yet there is no cure for diabetes but as the proverb goes prevention before cure, educating the population about the risk factors and dangers of diabetics is at the moment the nest way to prevent the number of people suffering from diabetes and so awareness should be spread.word count 1603

Insomnia and Psychological Causes in Adolescents

Insomnia and mental Causes in AdolescentsRuhi Mehdi AliInsomnia and Its Psychological Correlates in Adolescents respite, in one form or another, is a biological necessity for all(a) living creatures (Coveney, 2014). Insomnia is the just about frequently occurring sleep illness in which the whole body and brain be in a conflict between the desires of wanting(p) to fall asleep and not wanting to go to the wakening status (Mushtaq 2014). On the basis of occurrence of symptoms, insomnia can be classified as flitting (no more than a few nights), acute (less than 3-4 weeks), and chronic (more than 3-4 weeks) (Kamel and Gammack 2005).I chose insomnia to be the subject of my writing because I think that it is a serious though unattended heath problem. Studies show that insomnia affects approximately 30% of the general population (Roth, 2007). succession Johnson et, al. (2006), estimated that 10.7% adolescents are affected among the general population according to the DSM-IV criteria (as cited in Abe Germain, 2012). A submit conducted in a Pakistani aesculapian university revealed that 58.9% of the adolescents slept less than 8 hours a day (Kazim Abrar, 2011). Which means it is not only highly prevalent in our society, but wish wellwise found worldwide in people of all ages and every gender but none of them tends to solve the issue on an earlier stage. This results in the severity of the disorder leading to various negative consequences. In this article we will focus mainly on the correlation of insomnia with the psychology of adolescents.We will also discuss the causes and circumstances that could lead to the progression of insomnia and few possible management remedies which could be armed serviceful for the readers to diagnose and manage the problem at an earlier stage.In the month of March, 2015, a 28 years old lady was admitted to the Karachi Psychiatric Hospital with complaint of insomnia. She verbalized that she was divorced 10 years back and be fore long was living with her mother. During her married spiritedness she felt that her brother in law used to eye her in an inappropriate way which she felt uncomfortable and she talked to her preserve about that but he didnt believe her, instead divorced her. She was too depressed about the event, and since then she was having complain of insomnia. She didnt adhere to the plus medications and therefore was admitted to the hospital with relapse.According to the criteria suggested by Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders edition 5 (DSM-V), a person is said to live insomnia disorder if the following symptoms are true for him (A) dissatisfied with sleep quantity and quality. (B) One or more of these symptoms clog initiating maintaining and returning to sleep after awakening, early forenoon awakening, non-restorative sleep and bed snip struggles. (C) Major distress or impairment in daytime accompanies the sleep complaint (also reported by Kidwai Ahmed, 2013). (D) S leep difficulty occurs at least thrice a week and is present for at least three months. (E) The difficulty occurs despite of sufficient opportunities and age-appropriate circumstances for sleep (Abe Germain, 2012). The criteria makes it easier to regulation out the disease.CAUSES AND RISK FACTORSCarskadon discussed that during adolescence a range of biological, psychological and social federal agents interact, resulting in shortened sleep duration, that has been characterized as the perfect storm (as cited in Hysing 2013). A eat up apart conducted in Bahawalpur, Pakistan concluded that 39.2% of the youth (aged 16-25yrs) experience insomnia while 33% suffer from sleeplessness (Mushtaq et. al., 2014). There are several determinants that could lead to insomnia.I believe adolescent is the most vulnerable stage of a persons life. Multiple hormonal changes occur (Mushtaq, 2014 Kamel Gammack, 2005) and psychological distress acts as the key precipitating factor for sleep disorders. P roblems in secular, personal or even religious life create great stress on a persons legal opinion (Mydin, et. al., 2012). Family conflicts, long working hours requiring more hard work, academic challenges and spiritual distress are some of the stressors that make adolescents face difficulties to fall asleep, no matter they have to get up early in the morning, and most of them skip the daytime naps as well (Yen et. al., 2008). Beside this, uncomfortable, noisy or change in sleep milieu also hinders in sleep (Mushtaq 2014). Hysing et. al., (2014) claim that such routines cause a sleep deficiency of 2 hours on weekdays.Some common habits including late night socializing activities, watching telly or movies, surfing the internet (Coveney 2014 Yen et. al., 2008), excessive use of mobile phones (Mushtaq, 2014 Yen et. al., 2008), excessive use of substance like alcohol, caffeine, drugs, or side effects of some medicines like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) etc. (Mushtaq , 2014 Abe Germain, 2012 Kazim Abrar, 2011 Alhola Kantola, 2007), also interfere with sleep quality and delay the bedtimes.Furthermore, there could be some genetic or medical determinants as well that pose a risk towards sleep deficiency (Kidwai Ahmed, 2013), while in some cases psychiatric issues may also be present that lead to secondary insomnia (Roth, 2007). Depression and anxiety are the two most common co-morbid that lead to insomnia and misdeed versa, as worrying about sleep deficiency itself exacerbates insomnia. Dauvilliers described that 72.7% of the patients with primary insomnia had a family history of the disorder (as cited in Abe Germain, 2012).EFFECTSAdequate sleep is classical not only for physical health but for cognitive and psychological wellbeing as well. On average, 7-8.5 hours of sleep per day is considered to be normal for adults. (Alhola Kantola, 2007 Kazim Abrar, 2011). While 6 hours/day, is thought to be short sleep duration (Bryan, 2011, as cited in Coveney, 2014). Insomnia, an underestimated disorder causes a fare of effects that can disrupt a persons quality of life (Alhola Kantola, 2007), for instance, chronic fatigue and malaise, aggressiveness, work absenteeism, increased risk of accidents (Cunnington, et, al., 2013 Abe Germain, 2012) etc. A study revealed that in a halt of 12 months, only 1% of non-insomniacs had industrial accidents as compared to 8% of insomniacs (Roth 2007). Additionally, I have also commonly observed that it causes emotional instability and mood lowering, that come along increases psychological distress and lowers concentration ability (Kazim Abrar, 2011). Decreased memory, neurocognitive and academic performances are also highly affected that result in impaired performance on psychomotor tests and less productivity at workplace and schools/colleges (Coveney, 2014 Kamel Gammack, 2005). Furthermore, depression and hypertension (Kamel and Gamack, 2005)Such cognitive declines and stressors have their impact on a persons social life which can be seen as the quality and quantity of his time spent with his family and friends is disturbed. As a result, the person may experience suicidal ideations as severe depressive symptoms. Many people then look towards substance abuse like alcohol and drugs use, either to relieve this stress or to solely induce sleep (Mydin, et. al., 2012 Abe Germain, 2012). Such people also have emotion focused problem solving strategies (Mydin et. al., 2012) i.e. they are less thoughtful about the state of affairs and make emotional attempts to get rid of theWilliams argued that moving towards a global 24/7 society is making us utilize our sleep time in walking activities and social opportunities (as cited in Coveney, 2014). Late night social gatherings, connectedness to peers through media and high tech devices has increased too much in our society. This simply means that sleep and rest are not being given much importance which in turn calls for a n eed to take this matter more seriously in particular for the younger generation who wouldnt want distressing effects of insomnia to affect their growing future.MANAGEMENTSleep disorders especially insomnia is taken lightly and mostly remains undiagnosed and therefore, untreated. The disorder is treated so as to avoid relapses rather than treatment of current episodes or crisis (Cunnington, et, al., 2013). Benzodiazepine is the most frequently used sedative hypnotic as the first line treatment of insomnia. It decreases reduces rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, sleep onset latency and nocturnal awakenings. Other pharmacological aids include non-benzodiazepines, anti-depressants, and anti-histamines. These medicines are used with the desired outcomes of improved sleep initiation, maintenance and improved next-day functioning (Kamel Gammack, 2005).Multiple approaches can help to control the situation from getting worse. One of them includes asking patients to maintain a 1-2 week sleep d iary to assess their sleep pattern. This diary would be instrumental to keep the record of the persons usual bedtime and duration of sleep along with the details about the meals taken, exercise, use of alcohol and medications (Kamel and Gammack, 2005). Maintain such a diary would help to review the activities and factors that may have hindered sleep and improve them accordingly.Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is another effective intervention with long-term efficacy. It targets the maladaptive behavior and thoughts that may provoke sleep disturbing conditions. This face to face interaction helps client and health care professional to particularly work on aspects and factors that are worsening the situation (Cunnington, et. al., 2013). One more approach known as stimulus control therapy restricts the client and environment particular so as to induce sleep. For example, bedroom is confined to be used only for sleeping or sexual activity while sleep incompatible stimuli such as re ading, television and computer should be avoided in the room (Cunnington, et. al., 2013 Kamel Gammack, 2005).CONCLUSIONInsomnias prevalence varies from 11.8% in Nigeria2 to 27% in the United States and 37% in France and Italy (Kidwai Ahmed, 2013). As remote as I have observed, people now a days are concerned about being at the top and being number one, but in the long run they thin out their basic health needs including rest. Especially teenagers have multiple stressors from their personal and secular/professional life which causes distressing emotions and they tend to skip their sleep time in order to cope with the challenges. Inappropriate sleeping environment, substance abuse family conflicts, and some underlying medical or psychiatric illness can also interfere and disrupt their normal sleep pattern. Insomnia is a preventable and controllable disorder. Therefore, it is important not to ignore any sleep issues as they may lead to the severe consequences of insomnia.REFERENCES Abe, Y. Germain, A., (2012). Insomnia and Its Correlates Current Concepts, Epidemiology, Path physiology and Future Remarks. Public Health- Methodology, Environment and Systems Issues 387-418Alhola, P. Kantola, P., (2007). Sleep Deprivation Impact on Cognitive Performance. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 3(5) 553-567.Coveney, C., (2014). Managing Sleep and Wakefulness in a 24-Hour World. Sociology of Health Illness, 36(1) 123-136.Cunnington, D., Junge, M. Fernando, A., (2013). Insomnia Prevalence, Consequences and Effective Treatment. The Medical Journal of Australia. 199(8) 36-40Hysing, M., Pallesen, S., Stormark, K. M., Lundervold, A. J. Sivertsen, B. (2013). Sleep Patterns and Insomnia among Adolescents A Population-Based Study. Journal of Sleep Research, 22549556Kamel, N. Gammack, J., (2005). Insomnia in the Elderly Cause, Approach, and Treatment. The American Journal of Medicine, 199(6) 463-469.Kazim, M. Abrar, A., (2011). Sleep Patterns and Academic Performance in Students of a Medical College in Pakistan. Khyber Medical University Journal, 3(2) 57-60.Kidwai, R. Ahmed, S., (2013). Prevalence of Insomnia and role of Sleep medicines in Urban Communities of Karachi, Pakistan. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 63(11) 1358-1363.Mushtaq, A., Saqib, A., Aslam, Z., Fatima, F., Waqas, M. Akram, M., (2014). Occurrence and Causes of Insomnia in Youth of Bahawalpur Division of Pakistan. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Bio-Science, 3(2) 408-418.Mydin, Y., Almashor, S. Zaharim, N., (2012). Correlates between Insomnia, Psychological Distress and Daytime Sleepiness of Malaysian Adults with Symptoms of Insomnia. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2) 122-127.Roth, T., (2007). Insomnia Definition, Prevalence, Etiology, and Consequences. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3(5) 7-10.Yen, C., Hung Ko, C.,Yen, J., Cheng, C., (2008). The Multidimensional Correlates Associated With Short Nocturnal Sleep Duration and Subjective Insomnia among Chinese Adolescents. Sleep, 31(11) 1515-1525.

Reflective Essay on Leadership | Critical reflection

Reflective Essay on leading Critical reflectionThis report will address the importance of attractionship in an organization. To grasp an objective, an organization will hope on singulars it employed. These item-by-items will then hand over to collabo localise with all(prenominal)(prenominal) some some some other in dedicate to perform a travail. However, in that respect is a need for those involved to be directed and motivated to perform this task. The directing and motivating of the personnel is being done by an individual or a loss attracter. The leader is important as they will visualise that the objective or goals of the organization derriere be arrive atd within the scope and m make up ones mind. The leader mustiness be up to(p) to ready on and motivate the people around him. This report will briefly explain some model or theories that leader commode use to come across the task.The first of exclusively section of this report will prove on the li terature substructurevass ab egress the lead and squad civilise. I will discuss various research names in relation to leadership, focus strategies and squad work theory. Although at that place atomic way out 18 numerous organizational behaviour base articles avail adequate to(p), my literature review will focus on the following five beas which atomic number 18 Lewins leading Styles, Blanchards Situational lead sham, Transformational Leadership, Thamhains Nine Ways to Influence on looks and Tuckmans Model to Team Development. I will as well include some excess related published materials which will help me to fully regard the whole ideal of leadership and aggroup work strategies.Based upon the theories implied within the literature review, I will discuss the type of leadership my peer possesses. In this section I will discuss the leadership and management style that my peer use in order for us to complete the task. The discussion will also organize into con s patial relationration on how my peer influences, and the method used to motivates the other team member. I will also discuss the prescribed and negative side of his leadership style and some recommendation base upon the leadership theories innovateed in the literature review.In the next section, I will reflect upon my whole team surgery establish upon the literature review. The process will form into consideration on how the Tuckmans Group Development Model is used to explain the forgement of my work stem. I will also discuss the importance of having an effectual team and how our work out team can be identified as an effective team.In the decease section, I will fold my report found on my personalised observation and findings on the whole leadership and team work process. The opportunity to work to find oneselfher as a team for 12 weeks has also broadened my perspective on leadership and on the importance of having an effective team.Literature Review dear(p) leadership is essential for line of merchandisees, conferences and organizations to succeed in achieving their goals. Nelson and Quick (2006) defines leadership as the process of guiding and directing the behaviour of people in the work surround. Leaders can influence others by their competency to motivate, inform, inspire and communicate effectively. at that prop ar a number of divers(prenominal) leadership styles and strategies that can be used to accomplish their organizations goals and objectives. all(prenominal) style or strategy of leadership can be used depending on the lieu or organization.This section will discuss on literature review based upon Leadership Theories. The literature review is based upon the articles provided by the unit instructor, printed materials, electronic databases and search engines such(prenominal) as Google Scholar.Leadership Styles TheoryThe earliest researches on leadership style were conducted by Kurt Lewin who identified three introductory style s of leaders that atomic number 18 autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire (Nelson Quick, 2006). These three basic styles of leadership can be use on a team and it may be changed accordingly based upon the situation. The autocratic leader usually rules based upon strong discipline and controlling in nature. This type of leader will usually dominate the host and is suit adequate if the group is newly formed and shut up lack of direction. The democratic leader on the other hand is to a greater extent(prenominal) than responsive, and takes into consideration the ideas from their subordinate. A democratic leader will encourage members within the group to actively act in giving out ideas and helps in setting the direction of the group. This type of leadership is helpful in creating strong kindred amidst all members. The laissez-faire style leader usually did not implement authority and responsibility and let the subordinate do all the things. This type of leadership is useful e specially when all the team members argon highly skilled and fully understands their objective.Leadership Strategies TheoryLeadership Strategies is about how the leader can influence the performance of the group. One of the approaches suggested in this unit is to use the Situational Leadership Model developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. This model can be adjusted or changed as the project growth. This model is done by matching the leadership style to match the readiness of the group members based upon devil characteristic of the leader, which are task behaviour and relationship behaviour (DuBrin, Dalglish, Miller, 2006). In the task behaviour, the leader will spell out the duties of each(prenominal) individual or group. However, in the relationship behaviour the leader will engage in personal communication which includes listening, encouraging and coaching. This results in tetrad styles which are identified as Telling, Selling, Participating and Delegating.A leader s hould use the verbalise style where the follower is unable and not willing to do the task. This includes providing direct instruction while closely monitoring the individual or group. When a follower is unable but willing to do a task, the leader can use the selling style where he/she will explain closes and provides opportunity for the follower to seek clarification. In the participating leadership style, the leader involves the group in the decision making process. The delegating style is where the leader delegates responsibility to the group and is informed of the progress.However, based upon numerous researches done on Situational Leadership Model, it does not really work in reality (Graeff, 1997Thompson Vecchio, 2009). The model which was first recruitd in 1969 underwent a few changes in order to adapt to its critics. However, as Graeff (1997) discovered in his research, there are a few inconsistencies between the 2 version of the Situational Leadership Model which creates more confusion. Another group of researcher, Thompson and Vecchio (2009) conducted research by comparing the versions of Situational Leadership Theory plus an additional version. It was found that based upon the feed indorse, this model is applicable only to certain type of employees. In comparing the multiple version of the model, they also discovered that the revised version was a poorer forecaster of subordinate performance and attitude than the original version. In summary, they recommend that Situational Leadership Model be taught as a starting point in discussing the fundamental interaction between the leader and the follower.Liz Lee-Kelley (2002) discuss in her published article about the situational approach which is not in direct relation to the Situational Leadership Model. In the article she discusses about the possibility for a leader to change style to manage based upon the situation. Lee-Kelly suggested that from the evidence, there is no single style that is right f or all(prenominal) animal trainer under all circumstances. The study also confirms that a theatre directors ability to control and influence the team or situation subscribe to impacts on his management style. look for in leadership field is ongoing as it is an important aspect of the organizational behaviour. Two types of leadership style which was youthfully introduced are the transactional and transformational leadership style. Transactional leadership is characterized by leaders and followers being in exchange relationship (DuBrin, Dalglish, Miller, 2006). This type of leadership relies on rewards and punishment to deal with followers. Meanwhile, the transformational leaders rely more on their personal attributes to inspire and excite followers to high level of performance (Nelson Quick, 2006).Bass (2010) encourage organizations to train their leaders to be a transformational leader as it will greatly impact the motivation and work ethic of the employees around them. By h aving the transformational leaders within their organization, it will boost up their collective delineation not only internally but publicly as well. This leader will attract more intelligent prospects to join the organization which in arises increase the value of the organization.Management Strategies TheoryEmployees take for choice in their work life, if they dont like the job, they can leave or switch department. In order to be successful, organization must be able to retain the people to do the job, as training new people will consume more time and other related resources. As pointed by Schwalbe (2007), H.J. Thamhain and D.L. Wilemon conducted a research on the approaches a upchuck Manager use to deal with workers and identified shadowclub influence bases available for themAuthority the legitimate hierarchical right to issue orderAssignment the project managers perceived ability to influence a workers afterward work dish outmentsBudget the project managers perceived ability to authorise others use of discretionary fundsPromotion the ability to improve workers positionMoney the ability to increase a workers pay and benefitsPenalty the project managers perceived ability to dispense or gain punishmentWork challenge the ability to assign work that capitalizes on a workers enjoyment of doing particular task, which taps an intrinsic motivational factorExpertise the project managers perceived special get laidledge that others accommodate importantFriendship the ability to establish friendly personal relationship between the project manager and others.It is also found out that project are likely to fail if the project managers relied too heavily on using authority, money or penalty to influence people (Schwalbe, 2007). However, if the managers use work challenge and their expertise to influence the people, the project were more likely to succeed.Art Pretty (2009) in his e-book writes about why a Project Manager needs to develop their leadersh ip skills in order to succeed. Leadership according to him is learned through practise and a leader must not be afraid to see it in their work environment. Pretty also touches on the term of culture sensing where the project manager must be able to quickly understand the how things happen or work within an organization. His e-book also highlights the importance of communicating effectively up and down the organizational ladder. This will help a Project Manager to successfully and effectively manage the whole project.A project manager whom possesses leadership qualities will drive the project towards success is also emphasised in the article written by Ruffin Veal III (2004). Veal addresses four project management processes that can be used to promote success. The processes are creating an agenda, developing a team, execution of the agenda and evaluation of the outcome. He also clearly outlined the differences in terms of responsibility, function and activity between the managemen t and leadership for each processes. This guidelines will definitely helps an individual appointed as the project manager to evaluate his/her own capability.Team Work TheoryTo achieve success within an organization, each individual must work as a team. By establishing an effective team, work can be done winged and with higher quality. A work team is identified by Hayward (1998) as a group of people who contrive responsibility for complemental a task or project, or reaching a particular goal.Bruce Tuckman in 1965 introduced a four stage model of team development which is forming, storming, norming, and performing. In the forming stage, members get to know each other and start to learn to work unitedly. In the storming stage, there will be differences and contests reappear. The team will focus on managing the conflict in the norming period. The group will work together to accomplish the goals during the performing stage (DuBrin, Dalglish, Miller, 2006). Based upon this four-stag e model, various researches were undertaken and most of it confirms the model. Later, in 1977, the model was modified to include an additional stage which is called adjourning (Tuckman Jensen, 1977). In this adjourning stage, the group which was created through the initial four stage model is dissolved.Tudor Rickards and Susan Moger (2000) suggest that in terms of creating an innovative product or solution, the Tuckman model had no bureau of explaining what is regarded as outstanding creative performance. What is lack is the Creative Leadership which will enhance the team capabilities.Parker (2008) suggests that there are four team player styles that are critical to the success of any team which are the contributors, collaborators, communicators and challengers. He also described in detail the 12 characteristics of an effective team and how each characteristic has been impacted by the changing team landscape. Characteristics of an Effective Team as described by Parker are1. Clear solve The vision, mission, goal or task of the team has been defined and is now accepted by everyone. There is an action plan.2. Informality The climate tends to be informal, puffable, and relaxed. There are no obvious tensions or signs of boredom.3. Participation There is much discussion and everyone is encouraged to participate.4. Listening The members use effective listening techniques such as questioning, paraphrasing, and summarizing to get out ideas.5. Civilized Disagreement There is disagreement, but the team is comfortable with this and shows no signs of avoiding, smoothing over, or suppressing conflict.6. Consensus Decisions For important decisions, the goal is substantial but not needs unanimous agreement through open discussion of everyones ideas, avoidance of formal voting, or blue-blooded compromises.7. Open Communication Team members feel free to dribble their feelings on the tasks as well as on the groups operation. There are few hidden agendas. Communicat ion takes place outside of confluences.8. Clear Roles and Work Assignments There are clear expectations about the roles played by each team member. When action is taken, clear assignments are made, accepted, and carried out. Work is fairly distributed among team members.9. Shared Leadership While the team has a formal leader, leadership functions shift from time to time depending upon the circumstances, the needs of the group, and the skills of the members. The formal leader models the appropriate behaviour and helps establish positive norms.10. External Relations The team spends time developing key outside relationships, mobilizing resources, and building credibility with important players in other parts of the organization.11. Style transmutation The team has a broad spectrum of team-player types including members who emphasize attention to task, goal setting, focus on process, and questions about how the team is military operation.12. Self-Assessment Periodically, the tea m stops to examine how well it is functioning and what may be interfering with its effectiveness.Reflection on my peers LeadershipFirst of all it is hard to choose who in our group should be elected as the project manager. It is hard to get ahead the appointment as all of us did not know each other well. However, in order to complete our task, we have to work as a team and therefore we must have someone to lead us. From my view point, a leader should be the one who must have trust and respect from the other group members.Based upon the Belbins Personality assessment conducted within the tutorial, we have agreed to elect the person who is categorized as a Coordinator to be the leader. We strongly believe that the leader should be a well organized person and is trustful.As per described in by Belbins record test, our group leader performs well in managing all the group activities and keeping track of all our documentation. He introduces www.zoho.com which is a website where we were able to collaborate and upload all our resources. He organizes the folder so that all the related materials are kept organized. All the documents edited or modified have to be versioned correctly so as to ensure that no one reads or retrieved the out dated ones. He encourages us to have our discussion via a web forum and thusly reducing the need to make a phone call to each team members. This is being done to ensure that we are able to trace back whatever points that have been discussed prior to submitting the final product.From my view, he is also very much influential in terms of motivating us to furnish the beat out ideas. We are able to come out with strong ideas and suggestions with his direction. As our project manager has learn in broadcasting, he is able to share his knowledge on how things are done. His ability to communicate effectively in terms of the overall project requirement makes each and every team member understands what is expected out of them.From my observat ion, our Project Manager employed a democratic leadership style where hes the one who set the overall direction of our team. He also encourages us to participate actively in all the decision where we all have to vote for the best available option. Although the decision is group-based, he still has the full authority to have the final say. I really think this is good in our team as we are all able to raise our ideas and concerns. However, as everyone tend to declaim out their ideas, not all ideas are work related and thus we waste much of our time arguing irrelevant ideas. This is I think the theatres he lacks, controlling the individuals within the group. I would say that he sometimes have to assert his authority especially when things are out of control.In terms of the completing the task, the project manager have outlined or broken up the tasks into several sections. This is done prior to the team meetings. Initially, he would ask each individual to which task they are comfortab le to work with. This is to ensure that each team members knows their responsibility and thus can concentrate to the task at hand. Apart from dividing the task, each individual member is also assigned additional task which to check on another team members outcome. The evaluation or corrective task was delegated based upon the ability of the individual to read and write well in English. The project manager will then be the last person who will consolidate and check the overall output. Each task was also provided with separate timelines. The project manager put a very high priority on meeting the deadline set. If an individual is unable to meet the deadline, he will personally look into the individuals assigned task and provides some solution on how to tackle the issue. This would in turn makes the individual somewhat felt embarrassed of his inability to meet the deadline and thus ensure that he/she wont be making the same mistake again.During our group meeting, I also noticed that ou r Project Managers leadership style or strategy changed from time to time. In the first few weeks, our Project Manager adopts a style where he is the one who have total control of all documentation, set the direction of the team and closely monitors our progress. This is somewhat in relation to the telling style as mentioned in the Situational Leadership Model by Hersy and Blanchard. At a later stage, the team leader use the selling style when each of us is individually assigned a task with the knowledge that we can have him clarified on how to do the task. At one stage, the project manager acts as the facilitator when every team members presented their ideas which are similar to the participating style suggested by the model. During the last stage, as each team members already knows what they are say to do, our Project Managers leadership style changes to the delegating style. By employing this style, each team member is able to propose their own ideas and at the end all present i t to the team. By doing this, each member feels that they are fully responsible of their own work and in turn makes them feel important to the team.Reflection on my Project Teams PerformanceIn this section, I will discuss on the reflection of the teams performance. In our initial meeting, we simply try to get to know each other and try to bond. Based upon the Tuckmans Group Development Model, this phase is called forming. During this stage, everybody seems to carefully choose their words and try not to offend each other. Questions are asked based upon individuals experience especially in relation to their studies. There are also questions based upon the requirement of the project and what each members can contribute.Once we got to know each other, we progress to the second phase in what is called the storming. Based upon the Tuckmans model, this stage is when conflict emerges especially in the issue of who is to become the leader or project manager. However, as we are all able to th ink collectively and openly plus with the help from the tutor, we were able to stick as a team. During this stage, we are still unable to agree upon the meeting schedule as every team member is busy at work during the day.As the day progress, we arrived to the next stage which is the norming stage where we were able to set the direction of the project team. We were able to understand each individual strength and weakness and try to work around it in order to achieve our goal. During this stage, we are more open to each other and argument is made for the sake of the project.Once the overall team structure was set and agreed upon, we are able to think collectively and the group is ready and motivated to works towards the objective. This stage is described by Tuckman as the performing stage.Based upon our initial group meeting, we have agreed that we will spend most of our time discussing issues on the forum, email or website. The meeting which was set up to be about dickens hours eve ry Monday and the agenda will focus more on issues that cannot be resolved online.After about 12 weeks working with the team, I can conclude that my team is an effective team based upon the 12 characteristic of an effective team specified by Parker (2008). We all have the clear purpose of the vision, goals and each individual understands and was able to glossiness their assigned task. Our meeting are conducted in an informal way where the environment is comfortable and relaxing. We were all able to listen, understand and urge each others ideas and if there was disagreement, we try to resolve it by compromising. Most importantly, every decision made was by a consensus decision.The way our group work was that each individual was assigned a task and involve to upload the write up on the collaborative website. Once it is uploaded, each team member is required to check the other team members submission and write a comment on the forum. By providing the feedback online, it will help th e team member to reply to the feedback at any time convenient for him/her. Another major advantage on posting the feedback on the forum was that each individual will have the time to really read and understand the posting. This will also help in gathering everyone opinion towards one particular issue where everyone had the opportunity to post a reply. By providing positive feedback toward each others work, it will reduce the conflict and create a more openness for the group.In our group, we also have a diverse team player type which helps in getting the work done in time and of high quality. The diversity is required as it will lay down a check and balance to each and every task performed by members. Questions will be asked if the submission is unclear or does not relate to the principal(prenominal) task.The fact that each individual team members work really hard to finish their task on time made the management of this group fairly easy. Each individual are prepared to help each other in trying to finish the project early ahead time. Some team members were also helpful in finding out resources although it was not within his/her job scope.Based upon the action described above, we were able to finish the project on time. Although the draft version of the whole document was prepared a few weeks precedent, we were still not able to finalize it a few days before date of submission. This was collect to the fact that we have to ensure that each individual write up is free from spell out and grammatical error. The reason was that our entire team member comes from Asian countries where English is our second language. We also have problem where the team member could not communicate well in English and it takes us a while to understand what they are trying to say. However, this does not hamper them from providing the best solution and with the other members help, they were able to communicate is clearly.Another negative side of this team work is that we had to wai t for reply as most of team member were busy with work during the day. It also frustrates the individual who posted his/her work earlier and have to wait for feedback. However, as the time progress, some team members especially the project manager was able to influence the whole team member to finish the job within the time frame with his excellent work ethic.ConclusionToday, in most organizations, team are set up to work together to identify and discuss solution to completing a task or project. Everyone in the team need support and direction from time to time. It is up to the project manager to lead the team. Ones leadership style and personality will affect the outcome of the team. Leadership style can be changed according to the status or situation of the team. In the beginning, the leader has to be somewhat autocratic as he has to set the teams direction and ensure that each individual within the team knows the objective. Once the team have bond together, the leader should be mo re diplomatic and let all team members participate in the decision making. This is to ensure that each team member contributes and feel that they are a valuable asset to the team. The leader must be able to influence and encourage the team member to think out of the box.The leader in our group applied some of the leadership style based upon the style mentioned in the literature review section. There are changes in his leadership style based upon the situation. At times he uses the autocratic style especially when the group is somewhat disorganised in the beginning. Later, when all team member starts to build trust with each other, he adopted the democratic style where all of us get to discuss on how to complete our task. It is also important to note that personality of the leader also plays an important factor to the success of the team. Our leaders ability to organize the work really helps in supporting the team. His work ethic encourages each member to emulate this and in turn pr omotes them to work effectively. The leader also encourages us to make full use of the technology available on the Internet. He introduces us to the collaborative website where each member is able find and share resources easily.For an effective team, every team member must have clear direction about the objective of the team. The teams structure and communication setup will effect on the way members interact with each other. The most important aspect in having the team to work together is open communication and trust. Each team members must be able to participate freely in the decision making process. Although individually, each member has their own set of strength and weakness, the team must be able to use that to their advantage. In working together, each individual member should have the chance to choose which task suits them as this will contribute to the projects success. Although there are conflicts during the decision making process, it can easily overcome as the team membe r discuss it openly. The leader also has the role in resolving this conflict by taking authority over the issue.In our working team, I found that we are able to work as a team as there is trust and open communication between the five of us. We are able to discuss openly and informally on any issues in relating to the task. Each individual is assigned an appropriate work load and managed to deliver their task on time. Initially the task is not at the highest quality with lots of spelling and grammatical error, however the team work together to solve it. By using Skype, the team was able to communicate even late at night to get the work done. It is great to see that each individual was willing to work together via the Internet.As a conclusion, leader plays an important factor that can influence and motivate a group in achieving its goals. A great leader should be able to change his leadership style based upon the situation or organization. However, having a good leader does not necess arily translate to an effective team. For a team to be able to work effectively, it must have a clear vision of its goals or objectives. Team members must be able to communicate effectively and openly with each other. Based upon my 12 week experience working together as a team, I can say that I have good leader within my team. With this team, we are able to effectively achieve our task.Barclays chamfer PEST, SWOT and Five Forces psycho analytic thinkingBarclays Bank PEST, SWOT and Five Forces analysisJump to Barclays Bank PEST Analysis Barclays Bank SWOT Analysis Barclays Bank Porters Five ForcesBarclays jargon is providing its function in India in some their selected business divisions. Barclays bank now wants to expand its function in India with other collective units. This report is a helping tool for their expansion as it provides basic information needed for this expansion. External Environment Analysis by the help of PEST, SWOT and Porters five forces provides essent ial information for the management of Barclays bank while making and implementing business strategies with more knowledge, authority and control.Task 1 communication channel social organization of Barclays BankBarclays is one of the leading British based multinational banks having branches in 5 contrary continents across the world. Barclays bank has strong position payable to its asset estimation of more than 2.3 US dollars. Banking structure of Barclays is divided into Personal and corporate banking, Investment banking, Investment management and the unit of credit cards.The main headquarter of Barclays is located at London and the customers base of Barclays bank is more than 48 million in different continents including Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America. The basic structure of Barclays is divided into two clusters1. Corporate and investment banking plus Wealth and investment management.2. Retail and Business BankingThe further business units division is already expla ined.Barclays bank also plays part in providing consultancy services for people in operating their small scale business. The unit of personal banking provides its services to manage the investment of small scale businesses. The security and easy access ability level for borrowing purposes makes Barclays one of the standard financial service sectors. The business unit provides consultancy for personal banking borrowing. They provide innovation to start different small level businesses and provide attractive financial services and opportunities for personal loans. Corporate banking is one of the profitable units of business unit of Barclays as it has more than 50,000 customers in five different continents. Risk management unit is also important to provide advisory for businesses which have potential to invest and get profit and also provide opportunities for investment. Wealth and Investment management unit works in more than 20 countries to provide its services. The basic functions o f this unit are international and one-on-one banking services, investment management services, fiduciary services and brokerage services. Business structure of Barclays bank allows world class banking solutions for corporate customers as well as personal banking clients. Using up to date technology in term of online banking solutions and mobility services provide an edge on competitors due to the latest procedures used in these services. Barclays rely on its spheric relationship approach. antithetical relationships teams work across the world to add value to the business of corporate and personal clients.Impact of Market StructureThe basic purpose of Barclays is to increase its business in term of customers and profit, looking for potential customers all around the world, looking for growing economies and to expand in such economies to fulfill its vision of growth.Barclays bank is working in India for more than three decades. Investment banking division was the initial business o f Barclays banking in India. Now Barclays bank is providing its corporate and personal banking services in India. This technique of using selected divisions is because of the commercialise structure of India which is different as compared to Europe, Africa or America. People hesitate to deposit in banks and also there was less focus on borrowing from banks. The trend is changing due to awareness and approachability of latest technology. The businesses of selected divisions in India shows that market structure have impacts while working in international parsimony. Changes in business structure while working internationally are basic requirements due to different values, structures and perceptions of the customers brisk in international market.Task 2Causes of GlobalizationThe change in the trends of international economy damaged the working of different organizations. The negative trend of economy of different European and American business environment allows organizations to look for new markets, customers and stop economic regions. This is one of the biggest causes of sphericalization. The other cause is the advancement in technology and the availability of easy ways of doing business. People came to know about latest processes, new innovations in products and services, the differences in the quality of products and services and new ways of communicating. These cause international companies to expand their business across the borders to target the needs and wants of such customers. The concept of international free cope also caused globalization to take place due to the incentives associated with free trade. Availability of better suppliers in the international market causes organizations not to rely on domestic suppliers. Availability on quality suppliers on competitive basis is a reason of globalization. Lower wages rates in other regions as compared to domestic labors in Europe and America encouraged organizations to expand their business in Asian co untries which are less costly for infrastructure and low rate employees. All of the above mentioned reasons are primary causes for globalization. emanation in technology, use of internet, emails, mobiles, and better traveling provided the basis for globalization to take place. The advancement in online technology provides basis for improved Management Information scheme to collect and analyze data all around the world to make investment decisions.Implications of GlobalizationBetter business control through internet, mobiles and MIS provides comfort for organizations to shroud business from anywhere in the world. This has made strategic decision making easy and fast as response from customers and management is speedy as compared to earlier outlines. The improvement in the living style and standard are implications of the availability of international standard products and services in those regions. People came to know about the sort and quality of products due to increased and reliable products and services as a result of international expansions. One can now see and buy products through online websites, emails and mobiles phones as these are easy and less costly way of communication now days. Now people have more choices in term of products, services and prices. One can compare product quality and prices by the help of internet and websites to buy more reliable products according to their budget. The other implications of globalizations are E-Commerce, better procedures, improved manufacturing techniques, computer simulations and low cost products and services due to availability of reliable suppliers and processes in region.World Trade OrganizationThere are different causes and implications of globalizations but still there was a need of laws and procedures for globalization and international business. WTO is an international organization to provide standard rules and regulations for global businesses. Providing guidelines for business expansions in oth er countries by taking inputs from host and guest countries. Providing a list of social, legal and moral responsibilities to both parties for better business is one of the tasks of World Trade Organization. Different members across the world have provided their inputs and suggestions to generate standard laws for global businesses. Every organization and republic has to wok according to these laws. Providing soft barriers for investment organizations and implementing the concept of free trade for global business are the major tasks of World Trade Organization. (THE ASSOCIATION OF BUSINESS EXECUTIVES, 2011)Task 3 PEST Analysis of BarclaysExternal Environment Analysis of Barclays BankAnalysis of business environment through PEST analysis, SWOT analysis, Force Field Analysis and Porters Five Forces provides authentic and important information to decision making unit before formulating or implementation of business strategies. The macro and micro forces can impact the strategies of man agement due to their dynamic nature. External environment analysis is not a onetime process it is a continuous process to make changes in strategies according to external environment. (T R JAIN, MUKESH TREHAN, RANJU TREHAN, 2009)PEST AnalysisAnalysis of Political, Economic, Social and Technological elements which can affect the strategies and decision made by management is done under PEST analysis.(P)olitical AnalysisIndia is a country where people choose their members of parliament through elections in a fix time period. The member of parliament makes policies for foreign investors and multinational companies. There is no pool stick of intervention of any third power in the political system. Opposition provides suggestions for policies. So, there are fewer chances of changes in the policies for foreign investors which are a good thing for Barclays bank.(E)conomic AnalysisOne of the growing economies of the world with have emphasis on research is an attractive place for foreign inv estors to invest. The continuous growth in the GDP for the last 10 years provides opportunities for Barclays and other foreign companies to expand in India.(S)ocial AnalysisOne of the countries having high population and high growth rate of population in future provides opportunities for Barclays bank to have more targeted customers. Increase in literacy rate and awareness about latest and up to date services in region provides opportunities for Barclays bank to invest in India.(T)echnological AnalysisUse of internet banking, mobile banking, ATM, credit cards, e-commerce and social media provides a lot of opportunities for Barclays bank to introduce their up to date and latest services in growing economy of India. Barclays can provide their services to improve banking operations in India which is the reason why India allowed Barclays operations three decades back.SWOT Analysis of Barclays Bank(BARCLAYS BANK PLC.)Using strengths of Barclays bank in term of latest technology and opera tions to get benefits of opportunities available in India in term of large term of customers and markets can be possible by having knowledge about these internal resources and external business environment. SWOT analysis provides this information.(S)trengthsGlobal Leader in providing financial and investment services in five major continents.Strong brand name in corporate banking system having more than 50,000 corporate clients all over the world.High credibility in the growing market of Pakistan which is also based in Asia.Personal banking with no limit on minimum deposit provides an edge on majority of competitors.Focus on risk management.(W)eaknessesNeed of bailout in UK due to economy crises in recent past.Bad impact on image due to government funding issue in Zimbabwe.Less innovation in marketing campaigns related to Indian culture. Barclays is working in India for a long time but they fail to adopt market orientation related to Indian culture(O)pportunitiesPast business experi ence of India provides an extra advantage to make an expansion decision.Growing banking sector of India, focus on corporate banking and increased personal funding due to dependability and credibility of Barclays bank.Investment opportunities in IPL and other Indian leagues due to corporate image of these leagues can provide global promotional opportunities for Barclays bank.India is a country with blanket(a) geographical area and second highest population. India can provide a lot of potential corporate and personal customers by making an expansion decision in other parts of India.(T)hreatsIncrease in interest rates has decreased the funding from personal banking sector. Government banks and investment policies provides more attraction for personal investors due to bigger output of these services.Domestic banks with cultural related strategies is a threat for BarclaysMore international banks are moving towards Indian market due to the availability of business and customers. It can increase the scale of competition in India.Porters Five ForcesEntry BarriersThe entrance of new multinational banks like HSBC and other are expanding their businesses in India due to soft barriers of entering and availability of customers. This situation can increase the competition scale and number of saturated markets in India.Rivalry with Industry operate provided by different local and international banks are of the same type. So, it is important to change interest rates and services charges to attract more customers as compared to other banks. The switching of financial services for customers to other banks is easy and not much costly so banks need to develop latest and up to date processes to relieve customers.Threat of SubstitutesInnovations in the products and services provided by banks, including car financing, house financing and education financing provides opportunities for bank to focus not only on tralatitious banking system. The local financing institutes with less interest rate for personal borrowing are also a threat for banks in India.Bargaining Power of Suppliers curb bank of India takes actions regarding monetary suppliers which impact the supply of money in the economy. Customers provide supplies in deposits for personal banking and majority of banks are offering same interest rates. So, there is a need of innovation in services to attract financial suppliers.Bargaining Power of BuyersProviding alternative services in term of finance for car, houses, education, businesses and consultancy can bring the bargaining power of customer low as all the banks are providing same type of services with same interest rates.(Barclays, 2008)Task 4Business Objectives of ExpansionCapturing the potential customers in other attractive regions in other citiesBoosting the current market orientation of Barclays bank in IndiaIncreasing the number of divisions working in India to capture more opportunitiesInvestment in Global promotional opportunities in tem of Indian Premium League and other Leagues which have global impactsFocusing on international revenue to carryout domestic and international operations. India can provide opportunities for larger scale of revenue due to its population and geographical area as compared to domestic branches in UKProviding E-Commerce services in India due to increased level of interest showed by Indian customers for online operationsCapturing corporate customers of India as Barclays bank has strong base and experience of dealing with corporate customers. These customers can provide vast opportunities for revenue as compared to personal or investment banking. Having more than 50,000 corporate customers is good enough experience for Barclays to target corporate banking in IndiaIndia is growing economy as compared to major European countries so it can provide more opportunities for business in India. There are number of corporate sectors in India and number of Billionaires businessmen who can provide a lot of opportunities for Barclays bank through their operationsResistance from EmployeesMaking any change in the business structure or operations can help to bring employees out of the comfort zone. This is the reason why some of employees resist against any type of change in structure of operations. Making an expansion decision in Indian market means there will be a lot of changes to be made to formulate and implement strategies for new geographical areas and segments. Altering the operations of employees to take their assistance in expanding operations can bring foeman from employees. Providing them incentives associated with successful expansion of Barclays bank can help to bring down any resistance from employees. Expansion can bring a lot of opportunities for managerial positions in new branches. Good human resource management can communicate these opportunities with real employees by giving them attractive growth and career paths for potential employees to bring down the level o f resistance from employees.(T R JAIN, MUKESH TREHAN, RANJU TREHAN, 2009)RecommendationsFocusing on promotional activities associated with global marketing can help Barclays in Indian and international market. Recent Olympics, Indian Premier League, Formula race and other global events in India can provide a lot of help for Barclays in their promotional activities if they use these events for marketing purposes.Proving online services in domestic languages can provide a specialisation edge and USP for Barclays to target more customers.Barclays should invest in social activities of education and green environment to build a better corporate social image in IndiaFocusing on innovation in term of substitute products can help to bring more revenue and customers to Barclays bank.

Narration and Perspective in Pramoedyas Inem Essay -- Asia Narrative

Narration and Perspective in Pramoedyas InemTradition represents an integral component of ones cultural identity, and this is especially so in this rapidly changing world which we plump in, where the boundaries between different cultures are increasingly being blurred and distorted by the process of globalisation. While traditions do define the beliefs, practices and collective experiences of a people, the act existence of certain socio-cultural institutions in which discriminatory and repressive measures still persist cannot be condoned. It is this very dimension that Pramoedya addresses in his short story, Inem The narrators reminiscences of his childhood perform a serious social commentary and incisive social critique of various repressive traditional institutions in Indonesian society, such as the practice of child-brides (i.e. the oblige socialisation of children), as well as the intransigent nature of prevailing patriarchal attitudes towards women and subsequent treatment th ey receive in the authors socio-cultural milieu. The story achieves, albeit subtly, a tidy condemnation of these facets, which is presented artfully through a duality in the narration - a childs nave perspective and circumscribed knowledge to describe the course of events as they happened, alongside the mature, retrospective voice, which also provides a highly mimetic depiction of life in this society.It might be pertinent and helpful here to number 1 discuss the structure of the narrative itself, for there are several elements in the sequencing of the discourse that contribute in no small way to the overall force play of the narration/narrator. The narrative begins in media res (beginning in the midst of the action at a crucial junct... ...d in the narration. This is ultimately left to the sub-text, of what is left unsaid. It is quite an clear where the author stands on the issues the short story raises, and through the navet in the childrens perspective presented in the narra tors recollections, an intense and vivid resemblance to public in this very retrospection, and the narrative sequencing that remorselessly directs the story towards the concluding tragedy - a powerful and scathing, if not sober, social critique on the nature of tradition, adhering to reform social behaviour and resistance to change is shaped and conveyed.BibliographyChatman, Seymour. Narration Narrator and Narratee. Reading Narrative Fiction. New York Macmillan, 1993. 90-97.Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Inem. Contemporary Literature of Asia. Arthur Biddle et al (ed.) Blair Upper lodge River, NJ, 1996. 139-148.

Social Status Essay -- Sociology, Society, Roles

Roles are created from social status. Social status is the position we have in a social hierarchy. As a persons social status change, their social occasion also changes. Many go away have more than one status at a time but they will perform their business office one at a time. The roles we go through are not as easy as they seem to be. Each role has to be properly effect in order to get approval from the society. Roles are difficult to maintain and succeed in for the reason that society expects new(prenominal) to behave a certain way according to their roles and if they do not, then they point their fingers at them. The roles can be classified from the way one dresses, such(prenominal) as their clothing, language, demeanor and general appearance will be different from male to female. Many might have endured role conflicts with a multiple role expectations. People will always try to perform their best when performing a role, even though it can be very difficult. Ones position can be over seen over all other status is master status. There can be a decreed or a negative effect on the master status but depends on the society to decide what ones master status is.The expectations that must be fulfilled for a role to be properly played are the actions that society has set. The behavior one should follow in order to proper attain the role. an caseful of this would be the role of a father taking care of his family, playing with his children, support them financially and much more. His master status will be positive and every one will appreciate him for fulfilling his role perfectly. Nevertheless if one was to do something different from the norm, then the society labels the person negatively. If the father was to neglect his responsibilities of the family and initiation drinking, th... ... status that is given since birth. There are multiple roles to be performed with each status that a person holds. The roles we go through are not as easy as they seem to be. E ach role has to be properly fulfilled in order to get approval from the society. It is difficult to carry extinct a role perfectly because the society has expectations set. The difficulties that one may endure while performing a role is that their appearance, language, demeanor will not be appropriate to the role. Another problem that many people go through is role strain, role conflict. They have trouble figuring out how to balance deuce roles at a time. Master status is a behavior, appearance or anything that stands out the most in a person. It can be taken negatively or positively. Generally, many have encountered how it feels to perform a role and tried their best to get societys appreciation.